Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience is not always obvious nonsense. It is, more often, a real question answered with the wrong tools, or a real observation overinterpreted into a claim the evidence does not support. The essays in this section take pseudoscientific claims seriously enough to show which step fails — where the reasoning breaks, where the evidence is misread, or where the extraordinary claim falls short of the extraordinary evidence it requires.

What you'll find here:

• Aliens / UFOs — sightings, Area 51, and the statistical bar for extraordinary claims.
• Flat Earth — horizon calculations, celestial mechanics, and the geometry of a sphere.
• Astrology — the Barnum effect, controlled trials, and why star positions at birth don't predict personality.
• Anti-vaccine — the Wakefield fraud, herd immunity, and the evidence base for vaccination.
• Alternative Medicine — homeopathy, acupuncture, and the placebo-controlled trial.
• Paranormal — ghosts, ESP, and the null hypothesis.

The posture here is not dismissal but scrutiny. If a claim can survive careful examination, it earns its place. If it cannot, the failure is shown, not asserted.